Red Water

Clostridium haemolyticum is the bacterium that causes red water disease. The spores of these bacteria gain entry to the animal’s body by crossing the intestinal lining. These spores lodge in the liver, where they wait until the conditions are right for them to replicate and grow. These specific conditions occur when there is damage done to the liver tissue. Liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) are usually the cause of the damage, which makes this disease limited geographically. Aquatic snails are needed for the flukes to complete their life cycle, so cattle must be in areas with a considerable standing water. If no liver damage occurs, the conditions will not be right for growth of the bacteria.

Once the infection begins, Clostridium haemolyticum releases a specific toxin into the blood. This toxin attacks red blood cells and destroys them. The damage to the red blood cells will lead to a reddish discoloration of the urine, hence the name “red water disease.” Early treatment is essential if the animal is to survive. Otherwise, some animals may be found dead before clinical signs are noted. Clinical signs include red urine, dehydration, fever, labored breathing, pale to yellow mucous membranes and anemia. Prevention and control of this disease should include vaccinating and controlling liver fluke infections.